1948 Hague Congress
The Hague,Netherlands
| File:Europa Congres Ridderzaal Den Haag.jpg Meeting in the Hall of Knights in The Hague, during the congress (May 9, 1948) | |
| Date | 7 May 1948 - 11 May 1948 |
|---|---|
| Location | The Hague,Netherlands |
| Interests | College of Europe |
| Description | Landmark conference which had a profound influence on the shape of the European Movement. Many of the groups organizing the conference received covert funding from the CIA. |
| Perpetrators | Duncan Sandys,Józef Retinger |
| Participants | Marcel Pilet-Golaz, Winston Churchill, Grigore Gafencu, Édouard Daladier, Albert-Édouard Janssen, Anthony Eden, Juraj Krnjevic, Indalecio Prieto, Hjalmar J. Procopé, Paul Ramadier, Paul Reynaud, Tadeusz Romer, Paul van Zeeland, Jacques Augarde, Gustav Heinemann, Johannes Hoffmann, François Mitterrand, Konrad Adenauer, Léon Chevalme, Alphonse Colle, Maurice Schumann, Auguste Cool, Jean Drapier, Henri Lambotte, Henri Davezac, Ivo Duchacek, Carl Romme, Gaston Tessier, Živko Topalović, Édouard Bonnefous, Georges Chevrot, Paolo Giobbe, André François-Poncet, André Lefèvre, Nicolò Carandini, Étienne Gilson, Charles Morgan, Bertrand Russell, Raymond Rifflet, William Rappard, Walter Hallstein, René Capitant, Léon Julliot, Lord Moran, Michel Polonowski, Émile Borel, Gilbert Murray, Peter Fleming, Henry de Ségogne, Jacques Rueff, Maurice Allais, Jan Tinbergen, Harold Butler, Louis Salleron, Jacques Lacour-Gayet, Pierre Hély d'Oissel, Adrian Boult, Paul Landowski, Raymond Aron, René Courtin, Walter Layton, Jan Piłsudski, Raymond Silva, Gilberte Brossolette, Frances L. Josephy, Germaine Peyroles, Claire Saunier, Edmond Michelet, Jean de Suzannet, Hugh Delargy, Jean Mathé, Jean Buchmann, Henri Koch, Altiero Spinelli, André Voisin, Robert Bichet, Alexandre Marc, François de Menthon, Luc Durand-Réville, Robert Lemaignen, Henri Cangardel, Georges Le Brun Kéris, Henk Oosterhuis, Frans Otten, Paul Rijkens, Herbert Tingsten, A. P. Møller, Edward Beddington-Behrens, Denis de Rougemont, Harold Macmillan, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Arvid Fredborg, Julian Amery, Ole Bjørn Kraft, Lionel Curtis, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Adriano Olivetti, Ignazio Silone, Bernhard von Biesterfeld, Princess Juliana, Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Franz Balder, Fritz Eckert, Ferdinand Geislinger, Otto Goldebrand, Frans Gschnitzer, Jozef Hack, Gustav Kapsreiter, Eduard Ludwig, Hans Maurer, Franz Pernter, Kiesling (industrialist), Josef Rupp, Jean Baugniet, Edgard Blancquaert, Paul Vanden Boeynants, Jules Bufquin des Essarts, Louis Camu, Georgette Ciselet, René Clemens, Albert Coppé, Louis Cornil, J. B. van Craenenbroeck, Joseph Cuypers, Jacques Delattre, Léopold Deschepper, André Desmed, Léon Dupriez, Octave Engels, van der Est (Président de la Federation des Industries Belges), Paul Finet, Henri Fredericq, Irénée van der Ghinst, Arthur Gilson, Robert Gillon, Paul Glansdorff, Stefan Glaser, Étienne De Greeff, Charles Harme, Mr. Hamesse, Louis Van Helshoecht, Tony Herbert, Hendrik Heyman, A. Hoorens, Julius Hoste, Jean Van Houtte, Lamalle, Paul Lambert, Joseph Lambillotte, De Lantsheer, René Lefebvre, Jules Lespès, Râm Linssen, A. Lohest, Edmond Machtens, Louis Meerts., Henri Moreau de Melen, Jean Nihon, J. van Overbeeke, De Potter, Rayemaeker, Paul W. Segers, Seyl, Etienne de la Vallee-Poussin, Van de Putte, Karel Verleye, E. M. Welter, van Wesemael, Jean Willems, Octave Zeghers, Kristen Amby, Bodil Begtrup, Kaj Blicher, Karl Bøgholm, Gunnar Damgaard-Nielsen, Aage Falk-Hansen, Hans Fasting, Johs. Frandsen, L. L. Hammerich, Chr. Harhoff, G. Hartz, H. Hauch, Poul Hjermind, Arne Høgsbro Holm, Frode Jacobsen, Henry L. W. Jensen, C. V. Jernert, Per Kampmann, Axel Kristensen, Knud Kristensen, Thorkil Kristensen, Hermod Lannung, Erwin Munch-Petersen, Chr. Nielsen, Poul Nørlund, M. Fürst Raffenberg, Viggo Starcke, Th. Adler Svanholm, A. Thaulow, Cai M. Woel, Eleanor Butler, James G. Douglas, Gordon Harmon, Michel Tierney, Frederick Thompson, Georges Aguesse, Gustave Alric, Jean Louis Andre, René Arnaud, Robert Aron, André Armengaud, Guy Aroud, Pierre Aube, Azemar de Fabrègues, Charles Baranger, Jean Bareth, Gaston Bardet, Henri Barre, Jacques Buffet, Paul Bastid, Monseigneur Beaupin, Michel Berveiller, Pierre Bartholin, Bazin de Jouy, Robert Betolaud, Robert Bienaimé, Jean Binot, Emile Borei, Jacques Bouchayer, Maurice Bouladoux, Pierre Bourdan, Georges Bourgin, Gérard Boutelleau, Jacques Branger, Paul Bret, Max Brusset, Robert Buron, Dr. Busnel, Jean Capdeville, Roger Carcassonne, Etienne du Castel, Raymond Cayol, Jules Gatoire, Chaban Delmas, Pierre Champin, Henry Charrière, Jacques Chastenet, Monseigneur Chevrot, Ida Roland (von Coudenhove-Kalergi), Pierre Courant, E. Dary, Raoul Dautry, Henri Delmont, Robert Denis, Guy Desson, Jacques Doublet, Jean Ducros, René Etienne, Michel Etevenon, Edgar Faure, Marcel Felgines, Robert de la Fortelle, René Fould, Paul Galutier, F. Gerard-Kumleben, Paul Gilbert, Edmond Giscard d'Estaing, Georges Gorse, Mazeas Goulven, Jean Gouzy, Gilles Gozard, Baron Amaury De La Grange, Roger Guelf, Jarraud de Veragüe, Guy Jerram, François Harasse, Baron Pierre Hely d'Oissel, C. H. Hytte, Mme Jean Imbert, Jean Jousselin, Juliot de la Morandiere, Germaine Kellerson, André Lafond, Didier Lambert, Jacques Lambert, Joseph Laniel, Roger Lapeyre, P. O. Lapie, Bernard Lavergne, Jean Le Bec, André Léauté, Raymond Lebourre, Le Brun Keris, Francis Leenhardt, Docteur Le Henaff, Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux, Jacques Lente, Henri Lepeu, Jean Letourneau, René Lhuillier, Irène De Lipkowski, Claude Lussan, Jean Maroger, Paul Marhot, Pierre Masquelier, Jacques Michalon, Jean Minjoz, Raymond Mondon, André Monnier, Christian Monnier, Olivier Moreau-Neret, Marc Edmond Morgaut, Bertrand Motte, Camille Mourges, André Mutter, Paul Naudin, François de Nervo, André Noel, Jacques Noetzlin, Henry Orrion, Marquis André d'Ormesson, Albert Finet, Aimé Patri, Auguste Perret, René Perrin, Marcel Poimboeuf, Charles Richet, Germain Rincent, Henri Rochereau, Rémy Roure, Guy de Rouville, Said Mohammed Cheik, Lucien de Sainte-Lorette, Henri Saurin, Georges Scelle, Baron Jean Seillieres, Daniël Serruys, Adolphe Sicé, Philippe Simon, P. Α. Simon, Comtesse Jean de Suzannet, Emmanuel Temple, Louis Terrenoire, Léon Tezenas, René Thomas, Raymond Triboulet, Mlle Trinquier, Henry Trachy, Henri Vergnolle, Henri Vautrot, Pierre Wack, Jean d' Yvoire, Heniz Braun, Edgar Hector, Richard Kirn, Erwin Müller, Rudolf Amelunxen, Karl Arnold, Walter Bargatzky, Erik Blumenfeld, Dr. Brandes, Heinrich von Brentano, Adolf Cillien, Thomas Dehler, Constantin von Dietze, Edith Franke, Otto Fricke, Lotte Friese-Korn, Graf von Gallen, Dr. Gertler, Wilhelm Grewe, Gustav Wilhelm Harmssen, Walther Hasemann, Wilhelm Heile, Heinrich Hellwege, Wilhelm Hermes, Anton Hilckman, Wolfgang Hoffmann, Dr. Joestingmeyer, Wilhelm Keil, Hans Kroll, Carljörg Lacherbauer, Leibbrand, Rudolf Mueller, Frau Dr. Oehlert, Rudolf Petersen, Robert Platow, Dr. Pfad, Anton Pfeiffer, Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron, August Reatz, Bernhard Reismann, Carl Schröter, Ernst Schlapper, Dr. Schwalbe, Hans Christoph Seebohm, Dr. Spiecker, Julius Stocky, Hans Stempel, Christine Teusch, Wiedemayer, Carl Wirths, Heinrich Zinnkann, Frank Anderson (Hague Congress), Alan Anderson (Hague Congress), John Anderson, George Burt, Ota Adler, Corbett Ashby, J. Harcourt Barrington, Vernon Bartlctt, Hugh Beaver, Dick Beech, D. Bennet, Leslie W. Serrili, G. H. Beyfus, M. K. Blyde, Violet Bonham-Carter, Peter Calvocoressi, M. A. Cameron, George Catiin, S. P. Chambers, leonard Cheshire, Robert Waley Cohen, John Collins, Victor Collins, Robert Edwards, Geoffrey Cooper, M. G. Cowan, W. C. Crocker, Manning Dacey, Piers Debenham, Rupert De la Bère, Mary C. Dott, David Eccles, Walter Elliot, Edward Evans, B. Ifor Evans, Hugh Fraser (Conservative), Mrs. Gillett, Helen Grant, Jack Grove, Leslie Hale, Roland Hamilton, Roy Forbes Harrod, Ralph George Hawtrey, John Hay, Vere Harvey, Mark Hewitson, David Hirst, Henry Hopkinson, Eva Hubback, Norman Hulbert, J. W. Hunkin, James Hutchison, Harry Hynd, P. Asterley Jones, Roderick Jones, F. L. Josephy, C. W. Judd, Edward Keeling, W. Dennis Kendall, Hamilton Kerr, Keith Killby, J. King, Stephen King-Hall, Gordon Lang, Richard Law, Lady Layton, Kenneth Lindsay, Gwilym Lloyd George, Alexander Loveday, Henry Maas, Gilbert McAllister, Ivison S. Macadam, R. W. G. Mackay, John McNair, Niall Macpherson, Peter MacDonald, R. E. Manningham-Buller, Otho Prior-Palmer, John Masefield, Marjorie Maxse, David Maxwell Fyfe, E. R. Millington, A. S. Moody, Charles McMoran Wilson, Frederick E. Morgan, R. Hopkin Morris, Alfred Munnings, Janet Murray, Edward Myers, G. Nicholson, Frank Nixon, Lady Nunburnholme, R. T. Paget, J. Parker, W. Proctor, Joyce Rackham, J. Ranger, D. Reader-Harris, J. M. Richardson, Emrys Roberts, P. G. Roberts, Wilfred Roberts, Arthur Salter, Noel Salter, Duncan Sandys, D. L. Savory, C. L. Schwartz, Walter Scott-Elliot, Samuel Segal, Gordon Sewell, C. N. Shawcross, David Shears, T. M. Shelford, Mary M. Sibthorp, Norman Smith, Alexander Spearman, J. Henderson Stewart, Malcolm Stewart, Richard Stokes, William Teeling, Ivor Thomas, Peter Thorneycroft, James Turner, H. N. Waddams, G. Wadsworth, George Ward, Clifford Wilcock, Gerald W. Williams, Percy Williams, Rhys Williams, Douglas Woodruff, Finnur Jónsson, Roberto Ago, Mario Apollonio, Riccardo Astuto di Lucchesi, Gaetano Baldacci, Pietro Barbieri, Arrigo Benedetti, Luciano Bolis, Antonio Calvi, Angelo Cammarata, Leone Cattani, Vindice Cavallera, Tristano Codignola, Giovanni De Maria, Giorgio Falco, Piero Ferrerio, Raffaello Ferruzzi, Amato Festi, Tommaso Fiore, Aldo Garosci, Silvio Geuna, Enzo Giaccherò, Michele Grimaldi, Alessandro Levi, Giuseppe Lodi, Carlo Lovera di Castiglione, Carlo Maino, Enrico Marchesano, Carlo Martinato, Guido Mestica, Raffaello Merghen, Antonio Milo di Villagrazia, Umberto Morra, Asbite E. Nepi, Massimo Olivetti, Mario Paggi, Pier Fausto Palumbo, Riccardo Peretti Griva, Giuseppe Perrone Capano, Salvatore Quasimodo, Quinto Quintieri, Walburga von Raffler, Ernesto Rossi, Paolo Rossi, Gustavo Sarfatti, Enrico Scaretti, Stefano Siglienti, Ignazio Silone, Ursula Spinelli—Hirschmann, Enzo Storoni, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Guglielmo Usellini, Bruno Visentini, Constantin de Liechtenstein, Brune-Alexandre Steffan, Hans Berger, Fernand Loesch, Aloyse Hentgen, Carlo Henner, Braunshausen, Emile Nennig, Mad. Nennig, Alison Koch, A. J. d'Ailly, W. Asselbergs, F. J. H. Bachg, Thijs Booy, C. D. Brandt, H. Brugmans, A. C. de Bruyn, R. P. Cleveringa, Th. W. Crul, J. Fokkema, v. d. Goes van Naters, L. de Gou, K. H. E Grave meyer, Α. Η. W. Hacke, L. S. J. Hanekroot, B. Th. W. van Hasselt, E. Heldring, G. J. van Heuven Goedhart, C. T. Heyning, G. Hoist, O. T. Hylkema, Η. Α. Ingen Housz, Η. Α. Kaag, J. C. Kaars Sijpesteyn, P. Α. Kersten, J. Β. Α. Kessler, Ad. Knaapen, Th. D. J. M. Koersen, P. Kuin, E. Kupers, Jef Last, G. v. d. Leeuw, J. Linthorst Hornan, T. E. E. H. Mathon, Nispen tot Sevenaer-Ruys de Beerenbrouck, H. R. Nord, J. M. Peters, Α. Plesman, W. P. J. Pompe, J. E. Α. Post Uiterweer, J. E. de Quay, H. M. van Randwijk, L. F. R. Regout, C. P. M. Romme, E. M. J. Sassen, S. T. G. J. M. van Schaik, A. C. Schippers, Mrs. Steenberghe-Engeringh, Corry Tendeloo, Martina Tjeenk Willink, W. Verkade, Hilda Verweij-Jonker, H. F. van Walsem, Freule Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, Frans Wijffels, Bernhard Berthelsen, Frithjof Bettum, Frederik Blom, Johs. Brunes, Einar Hareide, Joakim Ihlen, Oscar Olsen, Hermann Smitt-Ingebretsen, Nils Treedal, Carl P. Wright, Wilhelm Keilhau, Arnulf Øverland, Torsten Aqvist, Erik Arrhen, James Dickson, Ragnar Ekman, Mauritz Enander, Gillis Hammar, Svante Hellstedt, Torsten Holm, Albin Johansson, Rickard Lindström, Vilmar Ljungdahl, Harald Nordenson, Hanna Rydh, Manne Stahl, Nils Thedin, C. Α. Wicander, Karl Wistrand, Edy Baer, Hans Bauer, Edmond Bertholet, Ernest Boerlin, Leopold Boissier, Eugène Bongras, Lucius Burckhardt, Théo Chopard, Fernand Cottier, Rodolphe Czuczka, Victor Dupuis, Α. Eigenmann, Frédéric Fischer, Paul Franck, Henri Genet, Louis Groschupl, Carl Henschen, Raymond Jung, Adolphe Keller, Hans Krattiger, Paul Lachenal, Luis Neuman, André Notthafft, Etienne Porges, Ernest Von Schenk, Henri Schiess, Ernest Steffan-de Porat, Léon van Vassenhove, Henri Georges Ritzel, Hélène Dünner, Jacques Freymond, Jacques Haas, Odette Micheli, Karl Renold, Heinrich Schnyder, S. A. Yaiman, Georges Bacoçoulos, Dimitrios Delivanis, Constantin Eustathiades, Eleftherios Gonis, G. Lambadarios, Léon Maccas, Spyridon Marinatos, Haralampos Mitsialis, George Petropoulos, Nicolaos Phocas, A. Poulopoulos, Christos Pratsicas, Paudelis Rozakis, S. E. Tambacopoulos, Petros Vallindas, Gerassionos Vassiliadis, Dimitri Yatopoulos |
| Witnessed by | Salvador de Madariaga, D. Matzankieff, E. Silianoff, N. Mileff, R. A. D. Ford, R. M. Fowler, Adolf Prochazka, Ivo Duchacek, Zdcnek Formanek, Pavel Tigrid, Vladimir Krajina, Jan Stransky, Julius Fird, Josef Lettrich, F. Schwarzenberg, Adolf Kliniek, Hj. J. Procope, Gabriel Apor, Georges Apponyi, Jules Dessewffy, Denis Nemesiothy, T. Bielecki, F. Goralczyk, R. Pilsudski, Tadeusz Romer, Zygmunt Zaremba, Grégoire Gafencu, N. G. Carenfil, M. Farcasano, E. Ghilezan, L. Zissu, Salvador de Madariaga, Indalecio Prieto, J. Trueta, Josep Xirau, Georges Franklin Jr., T. O. Griesemmer, R. Solborg, Milan Gavrilovic, J. Krnjevic Sr., Z. Topalovic |
The Hague Congress or the Congress of Europe[1] was a conference that was held in The Hague from 7–11 May 1948 with 750 delegates participating from around Europe as well as observers from Canada and the United States of America.[2] Many of the groups organizing the conference received covert funding from the CIA.
Official narrative
The Congress, organized by Duncan Sandys and Józef Retinger, brought together representatives from across a broad political spectrum, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development of European political co-operation. It was held under the auspices of the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity, subsequently to become the European Movement after the Congress.[3]
A broad range of philosophers, journalists, religious leaders, lawyers, professors, entrepreneurs and historians also took an active role in the congress. A call was launched[By whom?] for a political, economic and monetary Union of Europe. This landmark conference was to have a profound influence on the shape of the European Movement, which was created soon afterwards.
Influence
CIA funds
Many of the groups organizing the conference received covert funding from the CIA. The front group the American Committee on United Europe was used for this purpose.[4]
The Bilderberg
- Full article: Bilderberg
- Full article: Bilderberg
At least of the attendees were later to attend the Bilderberg:
Mont Pelerin Society
At least of the attendees were members of the Mont Pelerin Society: