14 March 1879 Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died
18 April 1955
Alma mater
ETH Zurich,University of Zurich.
Children
3, including, Hans Albert
Spouse
Mileva Marić
Interests
Physics
Theoretical physicist best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2
Albert Einstein was a German--Jewish theoretical physicist[1] who developed the Theory of Relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.[2][3]
Einstein is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation".[4] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
Background
The son of a salesman who later operated an electrochemical factory, Einstein was born in the German Empire but moved to Switzerland in 1895 and renounced his German citizenship in 1896. Specialising in physics and mathematics, he received his academic teaching diploma from the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School (ETH) in Zürich in 1900. The following year, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for his entire life. After initially struggling to find work, from 1902 to 1909 he was employed as a patent examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
Scientific career
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his special theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905, called his annus mirabilis (miracle year), he published four groundbreaking papers, which attracted the attention of the academic world; the first outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, the second paper explained Brownian motion, the third paper introduced Special Relativity, and the fourth mass-energy equivalence. That year, at the age of 26, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich.
Although initially treated with scepticism from many in the scientific community, Einstein's works gradually came to be recognised as significant advancements. He was invited to teach theoretical physics at the University of Bern in 1908 and the following year moved to the University of Zurich, then in 1911 to Charles University in Prague before returning to the Federal Polytechnic School in Zürich in 1912. In 1914, he was elected to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, where he remained for 19 years. Soon after publishing his work on Special Relativity, Einstein began working to extend the theory to gravitational fields; he then published a paper on General Relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the Brownian motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, the basis of laser, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, he applied the general Theory of Relativity to model the structure of the universe.[5][6]
In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power. Because of his Jewish background, Einstein did not return to Germany.[7]
He settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940.[8] On the eve of World War II, he endorsed the Einstein–Szilárd letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting FDR to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the US begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan Project.
Einstein supported the Allies, but he generally denounced the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons.
He was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955.
Warning of Israeli terrorism
In a letter published in the New York Times on 4 December 1948, Albert Einstein, and 26 other Jewish public figures, described the Herut (Freedom) Party as a “political party closely akin in its organisation, methods, political philosophy and social appeal to Nazi and Fascist parties” and warned the American people of the danger posed by Herut and its leader Menachem Begin.
For a letter of this nature to appear a mere few years after the end of World War II and the devastation of the Holocaust is a profound indication of the clear chasm that existed among Jewish intellectuals at the time: the Zionists who supported Israel and its violent birth, and those who took the high moral ground and objected to it.
The latter group – although still in existence – lost the battle. Herut went on to form the core of the Gahal alliance with the Liberal Party in 1965 and later the Likud bloc, which culminated in its 1977 electoral triumph that ended Labour's hegemony and elevated Begin to prime minister. Herut's full institutional merger into the Likud Party took place in 1988. Likud is now the leading party in Israel’s most right-wing government coalition. The Nazi and Fascist-like philosophy of Herut has thus prevailed, and it now engulfs and defines mainstream society in Israel.[9]
Visit of Menachem Begin and Aims of Political Movement Disturbing to Jews
TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW YORK TIMES:
Among the most disturbing political phenomena of our time is the emergence in the newly created State of Israel of the “Freedom Party” (Tnuat Haherut), a political party closely akin in its organization, methods, political philosophy, and social appeal to the Nazi and Fascist parties and formed out of the membership and following of the former Irgun Zvai Le'umi, a terrorist, right-wing, chauvinist organization in Palestine.
The current visit of Menachem Begin, leader of this party, to the United States is obviously calculated to give the impression of American support for his party in the coming Israeli elections, and to cement political ties with conservative Zionist elements in the United States. Several Americans of national repute have lent their names to welcome his visit. It is inconceivable that those who oppose fascism throughout the world, if correctly informed as to Mr. Begin’s political record and perspectives, could add their names in support to the movement he represents.
Before irreparable damage is done by way of financial contributions, public manifestations in Begin’s behalf, and the creation in Palestine of the impression that a large segment of America supports fascist elements in Israel, the American public must be informed as to the record and objectives of Mr. Begin and his movement.
The public avowals of Begin’s party are no guide whatever to its actual character. Today they speak of freedom, democracy and anti-imperialism, whereas until recently they openly preached the doctrine of the Fascist state. It is in its actions that the terrorist party betrays its real character; from its past actions we can judge what it may be expected to do in the future.
Attack on Arab Village
A shocking example was their behavior in the Arab village of Deir Yassin. This village, off the main roads and surrounded by Jewish lands, had taken no part in the war and had even fought off Arab bands that wanted to use it as their base. On April 9 (1948), terrorist bands attacked this peaceful village, which was not a military objective in the fighting, killed most of its inhabitants — 240 men, women, and children — and kept a few of them alive to parade through the streets of Jerusalem. Most of the Jewish community was horrified at the deed, and the Jewish Agency sent an apology to King Abdullah of Transjordan. But the terrorists, far from being ashamed of their act, were proud of this massacre, publicized it widely and invited all the foreign correspondents present in the country to view the heaped corpses and the general havoc at Deir Yassin.
The Deir Yassin incident exemplifies the character and actions of the Freedom Party.
Within the Jewish community the Freedom Party has appealed to ultra-nationalism, religious mysticism, and racial superiority. Like other Fascist parties they have been used to break strikes, and have themselves pressed for the destruction of free trade unions. In their deeds they have followed closely the model of the Italian Fascists.
During the last years of sporadic anti-British violence, the IZL and Stern groups inaugurated a reign of terror against the Palestinian Jewish community. Teachers were beaten for speaking against them, adults were shot for not letting their children join them. By gangster methods and by beatings, smashing windows, and wide-spread robberies, the terrorists intimidated the population and exacted a heavy tribute.
The people of the Freedom Party have had no part in the constructive achievements in Palestine. They have reclaimed no land, built no settlements, and only detracted from Jewish defence activity. Their much-publicized immigration endeavors were minute, and devoted mainly to bringing in Fascist compatriots.
Discrepancies Seen
The discrepancies between the bold claims now being made by Begin and his party, and their record of past performance in Palestine bear the imprint of no ordinary political party. This is the unmistakeable stamp of a Fascist party for whom terrorism (against Jews, Arabs and British alike), and misrepresentation are the means, and a “Leader State” is the goal.
In the light of the foregoing considerations, it is imperative that the truth about Mr. Begin and his movement be made known in this country. :It is all the more tragic that the leadership of American Zionism has refused to campaign against Begin’s efforts, or even to expose its own constituents to the dangers to Israel from support to fascism.
The undersigned therefore take this means of publicly presenting the salient facts concerning Begin and his party; and of urging all concerned not to support this latest manifestation of fascism.
(Signed): Albert Einstein, Hannah Arendt, Abraham Brick, Rabbi Jessurun Cardozo, Herman Eisen M.D., Hayim Fineman, M. Galizen M.D., H. H. Harris, Zelig S. Harris, Sidney Hook, Fred Karush, Bruria Kaufman, Erma L. Lindheim, Nachman Majeel, Seymour Melman, Myer D. Mendelson M.D., Harry M. Orlinsky, Samuel Pitlick, Fritz Rohrlich, Louis P. Hocker, Ruth Sager, Itzhak Sankowsky, I. J. Schoenberg, Samuel Shuman M.D., Zingr, Irma Wolfe, Stefan Wolfe[10]
Publications
Albert Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and more than 150 non-scientific works. His non-scientific works include: "About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein" (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by Sigmund Freud), "The World As I See It" (1934), "Out of My Later Years" (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, "The Evolution of Physics" (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld).
Partied with George Griggs
According to Kay Griggs, Einstein was connected to a homosexual (or underage abuse) ring around the boarding school [Hun School of Princeton]]. "Einstein was in that little ring that the Saudis were in. It was very elite. Camus, and Albert Einstein was in that little Princeton ring before he died. George – they partied together."[11]
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