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List of Indian residential schools in Canada

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Full article adapted from Wikipedia revision 1360538204 by Wikipedia contributors. Text is available under CC BY-SA 4.0. Formatting has been adapted; article text and references are retained. Snapshot imported 2026-09-25.

<tbody> </tbody>
Abbreviation Religious denomination
(AN) Anglican Church
(BP) Baptist
(MD) Methodist
(OO) Other
(PB) Presbyterian Church
(RC) Roman Catholic Church
(UC) United Church of Canada

The following is a list of schools that operated as part of the Canadian Indian residential school system.[nb 1][1][2] The first opened in 1828, and the last closed in 1997.[3][4][5] These schools operated in all Canadian provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick.[6]

The Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) has formally recognized 139 residential schools across Canada, but this number excludes schools that operated without federal support.[6]

The last school to close was Kivalliq Hall in Rankin Inlet, in what is now Nunavut, which closed in 1997; it became a IRSSA-recognized school in 2019 following a court ruling, which is why earlier accounts describe the last school closing in 1996.[6]

Schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were not included in the original settlement by the Harper government and instead reached a compensation deal with the federal government after a lawsuit in 2016.[7][8][9]

List

<tbody> </tbody>
Name[1][2] Location Province/territory Opened Closed Denomination Documented deaths[10] Gravesites
Assumption (Hay Lake) Indian Residential School[11] Assumption

(Hay Lake)

AB 1951 1970 RC 2
Shubenacadie Indian Residential School Shubenacadie NS 1929 1967 RC 23
Blue Quill (Lac la Biche/Saddle Lake/Sacred Heart) Indian Residential School

(Hospice of St. Joseph; Lac la Biche/St. Paul's Boarding School)[12]

Lac la Biche (1862-1898)

Saddle Lake (1898-1931)

(Saddle Lake)

St. Paul (1898-1931)

AB 1862 1970 (became the first Native-administered school in Canada) RC 43 Accidentally exhumed multiple graves in 2004;[13] intentionally exhumed 1 grave in 2024[14]
Holy Angels Indian Residential School

(École des Saints-Anges / Our Lady of Victoria Indian Residential School)

Fort Chipewyan AB 1902 1974 RC 83
Crowfoot (St. Joseph's) Indian Residential School

(Blackfoot Residential School)[15]

Blackfoot Crossing (1900-1909)

Cluny

(Siksika 146)

AB 1900 1968 RC 48
St. Joseph's (Dunbow) Industrial School

(High River Industrial School)

High River AB 1884 1922 RC 59 Flood exposed 34 graves in 1996[16]
Edmonton (Poundmaker) Residential School[17][18] St. Albert

(Poundmaker)

AB 1924 (formerly Red Deer Industrial School) 1968 MD 33
Ermineskin Indian Residential School Hobbema

(Ermineskin)

AB 1915 1973 RC 15
St. Mary’s (Blood) Indian Residential School (Immaculate Conception Boarding School)[19] Stand-Off

(Blood)

AB 1898 1988 RC 49
Morley (Stoney) Residential School

(McDougall Orphanage and Training Institution)

Morley

(Stoney)

AB 1926 1949 MD 16
Old Sun (Blackfoot) Residential School[20]

(North Camp Residential School / White Eagle's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School)

Gleichen

(Blackfoot)

AB 1894 1971 AN 41
Sacred Heart (Peigan) Residential School[21] Brocket

(Peigan)

AB 1892 1961 RC 41
Red Deer Industrial School Red Deer AB 1893 1919 (Poundmaker school opened 5 years later) MD 60
Sarcee (St. Barnabas) Residential School[22] Sarcee Junction, Calgary

(Sarcee/T’suu Tina)

AB 1892 1921 AN 35
St. Albert (Youville) Residential School[23] St. Albert AB 1873 1948 RC 73
Whitefish Lake (St. Andrew's) Residential School Whitefish Lake

(Whitefish Lake)

AB 1895 1950 AN 4
Grouard (St. Bernard’s) Residential School Grouard AB 1894 1957 RC 15 Radar detected 196 potential graves in 2022[24]
Joussard (St. Bruno's) Residential School Joussard AB 1913 1969 RC 30 Radar detected 88 potential graves in 2022[25]
St. Cyprian's (Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Home) Residential School

(Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children)[26]

Brocket

(Peigan)

AB 1900 (new school built in 1926) 1962 AN 25
Sturgeon Lake (Calais) Residential School

(St. François/Francis Xavier Boarding school)[27]

Calais AB 1907 1961 RC 45
Fort Vermilion (St. Henri) Residential School[28] Fort Vermilion AB 1903 1968 RC 21
Wabasca (St. John’s) Residential School[29] Wabasca AB 1902 (new school built in 1949) 1966 AN 11
Desmarais (St. Martin’s) Residential School Desmarais-Wabasca AB 1901 1973 RC 16
St. Paul's (Blood) Residential School

(Church of England)

Cardston

(Blood)

AB 1893 1975 AN 78
Lesser Slave Lake (St. Peter's) Residential School Slave Lake AB 1895 1932 AN 2
Alberni Indian Residential School Port Alberni BC 1900 (burned in 1917, rebuilt in 1920; burned in 1937, rebuilt in 1939) 1973 UC 40 Radar detected 17 potential graves in 2023[30]
Ahousaht Indian Residential School Ahousaht BC 1901 1950 PB 8
Anahim Lake Dormitory (Ulkatcho) Residential School Anahim Lake

(Ulkatcho)

BC 1968 1977 RC 0
Christie (Clayoquot/Kakawis) Residential School[31] Meares Island (1900-1971)

Tofino (1971-1983)

BC 1900 1983 RC 46
Kamloops (St. Louis) Residential School

(Kamloops Industrial School)

Kamloops

(Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc)

BC 1890 1978 RC 82 Radar detected 200 potential graves in 2021[32]
Kitimaat Indian Residential School

(Elizabeth Long Memorial School for Girls)[33]

Kitimaat BC 1908 1941 MD 12
Kootenay (St. Eugene's/St. Mary's Residential School) Cranbrook BC 1867 1984 RC 29 Accidentally exhumed 1 grave in 2020; Radar detected 182 potential graves in 2021[34]
Kuper Island Indian Residential School Penelakut Island BC 1890 1975 RC 171[35] Radar detected 160 potential graves in 2021[36]
Lejac (Stuart Lake) Residential School Fraser Lake BC 1917 (new building in 1922) 1976 RC 45
Lower Post Indian Residential School Lower Post BC 1951 1975 RC 3
Coqualeetza (Chilliwack Home) Residential School Chilliwack BC 1889 1940 (later became the Coqualeetza Hospital and is now the Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre) MD 42
Metlakatla Indian Residential School (Metlakatla Indian Girls' School) Metlakatla BC 1891 1962 OO
Port Simpson Residential School

(Crosby Home for Girls)

Port Simpson BC 1892 1948 MD 3
Presbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School Chilliwack BC 1861 1940 PB
Roman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School Chilliwack BC 1890 1941 RC
St. Augustine's Indian Residential School Sechelt BC 1912 1975 RC 12 Radar detected 40 potential graves in 2023[37]
St. Paul’s Indian Residential School North Vancouver BC 1898 1959 RC 4
St. George's (Lytton) Indian Residential School Lytton BC 1901 (new school built in 1928) 1979 AN 78
St. Mary's Mission Indian Residential School Mission (Pekw'Xe:yles) BC 1861 1984 RC 18
St. Michael's (Alert Bay) Indian Residential School Alert Bay BC 1929 1975 AN 18
Williams Lake Indian Residential School (Williams Lake Industrial School) Cariboo BC 1890 1981 RC 28 Radar detected 93 potential graves in 2022[38]
Yale Indian Residential School Yale BC 1900 1920 AN 5[39]
Yuquot Indian Residential School Yuquot BC 1901 1913 RC
Assiniboia Indian Residential School (Assiniboia Hostel) Winnipeg MB 1958 (September 2) 1973 (June 30) RC 1
Birtle Indian Residential School Birtle MB 1888 (December 3) 1970 PB 47
Brandon Indian Residential School (Brandon Industrial School) Brandon MB 1895 (May 23) 1972 (June 30) MD 94 Radar detected 104 potential graves in 2019[40]
Cross Lake Indian Residential School (Norway House Roman Catholic Indian Residential School) Cross Lake MB 1915 (March 9) 1969 (July 30) RC 57
Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Elkhorn Industrial School / Washakada Indian Residential School) Elkhorn MB 1888 1919 (as CP Railway purchased land on which school was built) AN 76
Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Washakada Indian Residential School) Elkhorn MB 1925 1949 AN 10
Fort Alexander Indian Residential School Pine Falls MB 1905 1970 (June) RC 35 Radar detected 190 anomalies in 2022[41]
Guy Hill Indian Residential School The Pas and Clearwater Lake MB 1952 (Students were relocated from Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan to a temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school in Clearwater Lake in 1958) 1979 (June 30) RC 2 Radar detected 71 potential graves in 2022;[42] excavation of 14 found no evidence of human remains[43]
Lake St. Martin Indian Residential School Fisher River MB 1874 (new school built in 1948) 1963 AN Cadaver dogs detected multiple potential graves in 2024[44]
MacKay Indian Residential School The Pas MB 1915 1933 AN 10
MacKay Indian Residential School Dauphin MB 1955 1989 AN 1
Norway House Methodist Indian Residential School Norway House MB 1900 1967 (June 30) MD 23
Pine Creek Indian Residential School (Camperville Indian Residential School) Camperville MB 1890 1969 (August 31) RC 50
Portage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School Portage la Prairie MB 1891 1975 (June 30) MD
Portage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential Portage la Prairie MB 1895 1950 PB 5
Sandy Bay Indian Residential School Sandy Bay Reserve MB 1905 1970 (June 30) RC 22 Radar detected 13 potential graves in 2022[45]
St. Boniface Industrial School St. Boniface MB 1891 1909 RC 87[46]
St. Paul's Industrial School (St. Rupert's Land Industrial School) Selkirk MB 1886 1906 AN
Waterhen Indian Residential School Waterhen MB 1890 1900 RC
Lockwood School* Cartwright NL 1964 OO
Makkovik Boarding School* Makkovik NL 1960 OO
Nain Boarding School* Nain NL 1973 OO
St. Anthony's Orphanage* St. Anthony NL 1979 OO
Yale School* North West River NL 1980 OO
Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School) Shingle Point NWT 1927 (moved to Aklavik in 1934 due to overcrowding 1959 AN 59
Aklavik Catholic Indian Residential School (later Inuvik Indian Residential School) Aklavik NWT 1925 (relocated to Inuvik in 1959; Stringer Hall was Anglican Residence and Grollier Hall the RC residence) 1996 (June 1975 (Stringer Hall); June 30 1996 (Grollier Hall)) RC 20
Fort McPherson Indian Residential School; (Including residence, Fleming Hall); Fort McPherson NWT 1898 1970 OO (non-denominational) 1
Fort Providence Indian Residential School (Providence Mission Indian Residential School) Fort Providence NWT 1867 1953 RC 88 Radar detected 150[47] to 298[48] potential graves in 2021
Fort Resolution Indian Residential School Fort Resolution NWT 1867 1957 RC 67 Intentionally exhumed 7 graves in 2025[49]
Fort Simpson Indian Residential School (Fort Simpson Boarding School, including residences Bompas Hall, Lapointe Hall, St. Margaret's Hall) Fort Simpson NWT 1920 1970 RC 3
Fort Smith Indian Residential School (Breynat Hall) Fort Smith NWT 1957 1970 RC 1
Hay River Indian Residential School (St. Peter's Mission Indian Residential School) Hay River NWT 1898 1949 AN 42
Akaitcho Hall (dormitory for Sir John Franklin High School) Yellowknife NWT 1958 1994 Federal/GNWT 4
Shubenacadie Indian Residential School Shubenacadie NS 1922 1968 RC 23
Chesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School (including residence: Turquetil) Chesterfield Inlet NU 1929 1970 RC 3
Frobisher Bay Indian Residential School Frobisher Bay NU 1965 1992 The building now houses the Nunatta Residence of the Nunavut Arctic College.(students were transferred to a new hostel, which operated until 1996.) RC 2
Kivalliq Hall Rankin Inlet NU 1985 1997 OO 0
Albany Mission Indian Residential School (Fort Albany Residential School) Fort Albany ON 1912 1963 RC 32
Alexandra Industrial School for Girls Toronto ON 1897 1910[50] OO
Alnwick Industrial School (in partnership with Mount Elgin Indian Residential School) Alderville ON 1838 1966 MD
Bishop Horden Memorial School (Moose Factory Indian Residential School; Moose Fort Indian Residential School) Moose Factory ON 1907 1963 AN 57
Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School (Shoal Lake) Kenora ON 1900 1966 PB 50
Chapleau Indian Residential School (Saint John's Indian Residential School) Chapleau ON 1907 1950 AN 56
Fort Frances Indian Residential School (St. Margaret's Indian Residential School) Fort Frances ON 1902 1974 RC 3
McIntosh Indian Residential School (Kenora Indian Residential School) Kenora ON 1925 1969 RC 45 Radar detected 114 potential graves in 2025[51]
Mohawk Institute Residential School (Mohawk Manual Labour School; Mush Hole Indian Residential School) Brantford ON 1828 1970 AN 47 Accidentally exhumed 1 grave in 2020;[52] radar search in progress[53]
Mount Elgin Indian Residential School (in partnership with Alnwick) Muncey Town ON 1848 1948 MD 16
Shingwauk Indian Residential School Garden River ON 1873 1873 (burned down six days after opening) AN 0
Shingwauk Indian Residential School Sault Ste. Marie ON 1873 (merged with Wawanosh to form a larger school in 1900) 1971 (currently houses Algoma University) AN 87
Wawanosh School for Girls Sault Ste Marie ON 1877 1900 (merged with Shingwauk) AN 0
Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School (Pelican Lake Day School) Sioux Lookout ON 1911 1973 AN 11[54]
Spanish Indian Residential Schools; St. Joseph Residential School 1916–1962 (girls school) still standing; St Charles Garnier College 1913–1958 (boys school)now demolished Spanish ON 1883 1965 RC 114
St. Anne’s Indian Residential School Fort Albany ON 1936 1964 RC 32
St. Joseph's Orphanage and Boarding School (for Indigenous and White Children) Fort William ON 1870 1968 RC 10
St. Mary's Indian Residential School Kenora ON 1894 1962 RC 46 Radar detected 171 and cadaver dogs detected 22 potential graves in 2023[55]
Wikwemikong Indian Residential School (Wikwemikong Day School) Manitowaning ON 1840 (day school); 1879 (residential school) 1963 RC
Armstrong Indian Residential School (Armstrong Residential School; Armstrong Home and School) Armstrong ON 1880 1891 RC
Amos Indian Residential School (St. Marc's Indian Residential School) St. Marc-de-Figuery QC 1955 1973 RC 0
Federal Hostel at George River Kangirsualujjuaq QC 1960 1960 OO (Non-Denominational) 0
Federal Hostel at Great Whale River Kuujjuarapik (Poste-de-la-Baleine) QC 1960 1970 OO (Non-Denominational) 0
Federal Hostel at Payne Bay Kangirsuk (Bellin) QC 1960 1960 OO (Non-Denominational) 0
Federal Hostel at Port Harrison Inukjuak QC 1960 1971 OO (Non-Denominational) 0
Fort George Hostels Chisasibi (Cree village municipality) QC 1975 1978 OO (Non-Denominational) 0
St. Philip's Indian Residential School Chisasibi (Cree village municipality) QC 1932 (burned in 1943, rebuilt in 1944) 1975 AN 28
Fort George (St. Joseph's Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Énfant-Jésus) Chisasibi (Cree village municipality) QC 1936 1952 RC 21
La Tuque Indian Residential School La Tuque QC 1963 1978 AN 2
Pointe Bleue Indian Residential School Mashteuiatsh QC 1956 1965 RC 1
Sept-Iles Indian Residential School (Seven Islands, Notre Dame, Maliotenam) Sept-Îles QC 1952 1967 RC 1
Battleford Industrial School Battleford SK 1883 1914 AN 64 Intentionally exhumed 72 graves in 1974[56]
Beauval Indian Residential School Beauval SK 1895 1983 (became Meadow Lake Tribal Council's Beauval Indian Education Centre which closed in 1995) RC 60
Cowesses Indian Residential School (Marieval Indian Residential School) Marieval SK 1899 1981 (First Nation Operated 1981-1997) RC 18 Radar detected 751 potential graves in 2021[57]
Crowstand Indian Residential School Kamsack SK 1888 1916 PB 34
St. Michael's Indian Residential School (Duck Lake Indian Residential School)[58] Duck Lake SK 1894 1982, turned over to the Saskatoon District Tribal Council. Closed in 1996. RC 108
Emmanuel College Prince Albert SK 1879 1923 AN 18
File Hills Indian Residential School (File Hills Colony School) Okanese Reserve SK 1889 1949 PB 15
Gordon Indian Residential School Punnichy SK 1889 (new school built in 1911, burned down in 1929) 1996 AN 43 Radar detected 14 potential graves in 2022[59]
Guy Hill Indian Residential School Sturgeon Landing SK 1926 1952 (burned down September 4, 1952; students were relocated to temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school opened in Clearwater Lake in 1958) RC 2
Île-à-la-Crosse Indian Residential School Île-à-la-Crosse SK 1878 1976 (the boarding school section) RC
Lac La Ronge (All Saints) Mission Indian Residential School La Ronge SK 1914 (new school built in 1920) 1947 (amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School after fire) AN 11 Radar detected multiple potential graves in 2021[60]
Muscowequan Indian Residential School Lestock SK 1932 1981 RC 35 Accidentally exhumed 19 graves in 1992;[61] Radar detected 15 potential graves in 2018[62]
St. Albans Indian Residential School Prince Albert SK 1894 1951 (amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School) AN 18
Prince Albert Indian Residential School Prince Albert SK 1951 (merger of All Saints and St. Albans) 1964 AN 0
Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School (Qu'Appelle Industrial School); Lebret Indian Residential School; (Added St. Paul's High School in 1951) Lebret SK 1884 (burned down in 1904, 1932) 1969 (Re-opened under the operations of the reserve in 1973 as White Calf Collegiate, but that closed in August 1998) RC 109 Accidentally exhumed 1 grave and radar detected 2000 anomalies in 2022[63]
Regina Indian Residential School Regina SK 1890 1910, demolished in 1948 PB 24 Radar detected 38 potential graves in 2012[64]
Round Lake Indian Residential School Whitewood SK 1886 1950 MD 5
St. Anthony's Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Catholic Indian Residential School) (Joseph Dion was pupil No. 7)[65] Onion Lake SK 1891 1968 RC 0
St. Barnabas Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Indian Residential School) Onion Lake SK 1893 (burned down in 1943) 1951 AN 0
St. Phillips Indian Residential School (Keeseekoose Day School) Kamsack SK 1899 1965 RC 6 Radar detected 54 potential graves in 2022[66]
Thunderchild Indian Residential School (Delmas Indian Residential School) Delmas SK 1901 1948 (burned down by students) RC 23 Intentionally exhumed 1 body in 2021[67]
Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School) Shingle Point NWT 1927 1934 (moved to Aklavik due to overcrowding) AN 59
Baptist Indian Residential School (Yukon Indian Residential School) Whitehorse YT 1900 1968 BP 1
Carcross Indian Residential School (Forty Mile Boarding School) Fortymile YT 1891 1910 (moved to Carcross) AN 3
Carcross Indian Residential School (Chooutla Indian Residential School; Caribou Crossing Indian Residential School) Carcross YT 1910 1969 AN 24 Radar detected 15 potential graves in 2023[68]
St. Paul's Indian Residential School (St. Paul's Hall) Dawson YT 1920 1943 AN 6
Yukon Hall (residences for local day school students) Whitehorse YT 1956 1965 AN 0
Tranquille School for Mentally Handicapped Indians (Stsmemelt Village) Kamloops BC 1972 1978 OO (Non-Denominational)

See also

Notes on terminology

  1. ^ Indian has been used because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the system was established, specifically one in which Indigenous peoples in Canada were homogeneously referred to as Indians rather than by language that distinguishes First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. Use of Indian is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.

References

  1. ^ a b "List of residential schools". Indian Residential Schools Settlement - Official Court Website. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  2. ^ a b "Search by School." National Student Memorial Register. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.
  3. ^ "Residential Schools". Assembly of First Nations. 3 May 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
  4. ^ "Prince Albert Grand Council Indian Residential School Virtual Museum". 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  5. ^ "Mission and Justice Relationships (Anglican Indian and Eskimo Residential Schools)". Anglican Church of Canada. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  6. ^ a b c "Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system". CBC News. 4 June 2021.
  7. ^ "Newfoundland and Labrador residential schools healing and commemoration". 24 November 2017.
  8. ^ "Tearful Justin Trudeau apologizes to N.L. residential school survivors | CBC News".
  9. ^ "N.L. residential school survivors' lawyers reach $50M settlement with Ottawa | CBC News".
  10. ^ "Residential Schools Archive". National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.
  11. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  12. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  13. ^ Parsons, Paige (17 May 2022). "Human remains found near Alberta residential school site likely children, First Nation says: Saddle Lake Cree Nation examining possible Blue Quills residential school burial sites". CBC.
  14. ^ Ivanov, Jennifer (24 January 2024). "Child's remains found at site of former residential school northeast of Edmonton". Global News. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  15. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  16. ^ "'They have to be at peace:' Whereabouts of remains of 39 children's bodies still unknown at Dunbow Industrial School". CTV News. 23 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  18. ^ Larsson, Paula. 2013 October 26. "Edmonton Industrial School." Eugenics Archive. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
  19. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  20. ^ Old Sun (Blackfoot) Residential School
  21. ^ Sacred Heart (Peigan) Residential School
  22. ^ Sarcee (St. Barnabas) Residential School
  23. ^ St. Albert (Youville) Residential School
  24. ^ "Final Summary of the Phase 1 Ground-Penetrating Radar Search at Grouard Mission, AB". Institute of Prairie and Indigenous Archaeology. 14 February 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  25. ^ Paradis, Danielle (26 June 2023). "St. Bruno's residential school ground-penetrating radar report released". APTN National News. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  26. ^ St. Cyprian's Residential School
  27. ^ Sturgeon Lake (Calais) Residential School
  28. ^ Fort Vermilion (St. Henri) Residential School
  29. ^ Wabasca (St. John’s) Residential School
  30. ^ Stanton, Kylie (21 February 2023). Potential unmarked graves found at Port Alberni residential school (Television production). Global News. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  31. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  32. ^ Pruden, Jana G.; Hager, Mike (15 July 2021). "Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  33. ^ "Memorial". 18 December 2020.
  34. ^ MacVicar, Adam (1 July 2021). "'We knew it was there': Former B.C. chief says unmarked graves near Cranbrook need more context". Global News. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
  35. ^ Lo, Michael John (4 August 2025). "Archival research has found 171 confirmed deaths at Kuper Island residential school, 50 more than previously thought". Times Colonist. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
  36. ^ Glavin, Terry (26 May 2022). "The year of the graves: How the world's media got it wrong on residential school graves". National Post. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  37. ^ Judd, Amy (20 April 2023). "40 unmarked children's graves found at former residential school in Sechelt, B.C." Global News.
  38. ^ Lindsay, Bethany; Watson, Bridgette (25 January 2022). "93 potential burial sites found near former B.C. residential school". CBC News.
  39. ^ "Stó:lō Nation identifies 158 child deaths, potential unmarked graves at former residential schools, hospital". CBC News. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  40. ^ "Finding Indigenous Children: The Brandon Indian Residential School Project" (Press release). Simon Fraser University. 4 June 2021. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  41. ^ Unger, Danton (6 June 2022). "Search in Sagkeeng First Nation in Manitoba identifies 190 anomalies in the ground". CTV News.
  42. ^ CBC News (14 October 2022). "RCMP investigate after search of western Manitoba residential school site discovers possible unmarked graves". CBC. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  43. ^ "Chief says excavation of Manitoba church basement found no evidence of human remains - Winnipeg | Globalnews.ca". CJOB. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  44. ^ Chang, Arturo (30 August 2024). "Opaskwayak Cree Nation says it's found evidence of unmarked burials at former residential school site". CBC. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  45. ^ Cram, Stephanie (29 May 2022). "Ground searches underway or planned at most of Manitoba's former residential school sites". CBC News.
  46. ^ "Saint-Boniface – École industrielle | Société historique de Saint-Boniface" (in French). Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  47. ^ Zingel, Avery (5 June 2021). "N.W.T. MP, a residential school survivor, reflects on the graves of children in his home town". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  48. ^ Brackenbury, Meaghan (23 July 2021). "Fort Providence plans search for unmarked graves". Cabin Radio. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  49. ^ Bowling, Eric (7 August 2025). "Deninu K'ue First Nation finds remains of five children near Fort Resolution". Yukon News. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  50. ^ Metro, Beach (19 October 2011). "East End school for wayward girls flourished". Beach Metro Community News.
  51. ^ Allan, Michelle (16 January 2025). "Search detects 114 'unmarked burial features' on former McIntosh Indian Residential School property". CBC News. Retrieved 16 January 2025.
  52. ^ Mitchell, Don (15 October 2021). "Task force investigating residential school in Brantford, Ont. reveal first case". Global News.
  53. ^ Maracle, Candace (13 August 2025). "Search for unmarked graves continues at Mohawk Institute residential school site". CBC. Retrieved 29 June 2025.
  54. ^ "Indian Affairs - School files" (PDF). www.nrsss.ca.
  55. ^ Brockman, Alex (30 October 2023). "Cadaver dogs searching for unmarked graves at former Kenora residential school site uncover 22 'alerts'". CBC. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  56. ^ "Burial Ground Re-Consecrated". sicc.sk.ca. Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre. 30 September 1975. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  57. ^ "Cowessess First Nation Welcomes Agreement Between Canada and the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to Transition Residential School Records" (PDF) (Press release). Cowessess First Nation. 20 January 2022.[dead link]
  58. ^ "St. Michael's (Duck Lake)". 28 January 2021.
  59. ^ "'Just the beginning:' 14 graves found at former residential school in Saskatchewan". cp24.com. CP24. 20 April 2022.
  60. ^ Cornet, Derek (23 December 2021). "Ground radar at historic La Ronge cemetery nearly complete". Prince Albert, SK: larongeNOW. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  61. ^ Schillaci-Ventura, Vincent; Bray, Charles (10 April 2008). "Cemetery and Grave Site Research - IRS Narratives Review" (PDF). Indian Residential Schools Resolution Canada. p. 2. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  62. ^ Snowdon, Wallis (9 March 2019). "'There was a heaviness': Alberta anthropologists locate unmarked graves of residential schoolchildren". CBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  63. ^ Connors, Sara (12 January 2023). "Search finds remains of a child at former Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School in Saskatchewan". APTN National News. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
  64. ^ Stewart, Douglas (2017). The Regina Indian Industrial School (1891 - 1910). Benchmark Press. p. 32.
  65. ^ "Joseph Francis Dion". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  66. ^ Ellis, Brendan (15 February 2022). "Sask. First Nation discovers 54 unmarked graves at the site of former residential schools". CTV News. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022.
  67. ^ Mandes, Jeanelle (26 November 2021). "'Needles in haystacks' search for remains at Delmas residential school". Global News. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
  68. ^ Connors, Sara (27 September 2023). "Search of former Yukon residential school locates 15 potential unmarked graves:Fifteen anomalies were found at the former Chooutla Indian residential school in Carcross, Yukon".
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