1816
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1816 was known as the Year Without a Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in Indonesia in 1815, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.
Events
- December 25, 1815–January 6 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.[1]
- March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by King Louis XVIII of France into four academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Royal Academy of Beaux Arts.
- March 29 – April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
- April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.[2]
- June 14 -Founding of Norges Bank
- June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.
- July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.
- August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: Various European allied ships force Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.
- September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected, after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.[3]
- October 25 – November 6 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.
- December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.
- December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.
Date unknown
- Shaka starts to rule the Zulu Kingdom at about this date.
- Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.
- A rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive is developed.
References
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131216121544/https://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm
- ↑ https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072846
- ↑ Darrin M. McMahon, Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity (Oxford University Press, 2002) p157