Le Cercle

Wikipedia coverage: Read the full Wikipedia article, including its references. The material below is the existing Deep Politics Wiki article.

Deep state milieu, third rail topic‎secret society, international, think tank

Le Cercle  link () Alchetron ISGP Powerbase Sourcewatch
File:December 2016 meeting of Le Cercle Washington 3.jpg The 2016 Meeting in Washington DC
Formation	1952
Founder	Jean Violet
Leader	Le Cercle/Chairman (Europe)‎
Type	secret society, international, think tank
Interests	War on Terror, Counter-terrorism, National Security, Strategy of Tension, Deep politics
Membership	James Abrahamson, Kamel Abu Jaber, Konrad Adenauer, Jonathan Aitken, Vahid Alaghband, Georges Albertini, Alfredo Alcaino, Marwan al-Muasher, Zaid al-Rifai, Omar al-Zawawi, Rupert Allason, Richard Allen, Enver Altayli, Julian Amery, Hooshang Amirahmadi, Michael Ancram, Bruce Anderson, Robert Anderson, Giulio Andreotti, Magdeleine Anglade, Laurent Anselmi, Jürgen Aretz, Richard Armitage, Kaulza de Arriaga, Bernard Asso, Nadhmi Auchi, Shaukat Aziz, Franz Josef Bach, Norman Bailey, Howard Baker, Pat Balestreri, Ehud Barak, Nili Barak, Amatzia Baram, Francois Baroin, John Barron, Samih al-Batikhi, Jacques Battistella, Alain Bauer, Margaret Beckett, Eddie Bell, Alfredo Sánchez Bella, Erik Bennett, Jeff Bergner, Wayne Lee Berman, André Bettencourt, Benazir Bhutto, John Biggs-Davison, Brian Binley, André­-Charles Blanc, W. Michael Blumenthal, Crispin Blunt, John Bolton, Benoît de Bonvoisin, Cornelis Bossers, Pik Botha, Colonel Botta, Raymond Bourgine, Maurice Brébart, Paul Bremer, Harold Brown, John Browne, John Bryan, Monsignor Brunello, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Francisco Bulnes, David Burnside, Mario Buschemi, Ian Butterfield, Pieter van der Byl, Marcelo Caetano, Umberto Cappuzzo, John Carbaugh, Margaret Carlisle, Ján Čarnogurský, Edward W. Carter, William Casey, Andrew Cavendish, Anthony Cavendish, Sergiu Celac, Paul Channon, Winston Churchill II, Rustam Churyakov, James W. Cicconi, Eric Ciotti, Alan Clark, William P. Clark Jr., Marcel Clement, Robert Close, William Colby, Etienne Copel, Gregory R. Copley, Gilles Cornut­-Gentille, Miles Costick, Percy Cradock, John B. Craig, Philip Crane, James Critchfield, Brian Crozier, Alexandre Ribeiro da Cunha, Hans van Dalsen, Florimond Damman, Armand de Decker, Jack Dellal, Jean-François Deniau, James Dicke II, Eberhard Diepgen, Laura Jordan Dietrich, Paul Dietrich, Mikhail Dmitriev, Douglas Dodds-Parker, Toby Dodge, Hans-Lothar Domröse, Yves-Marc Dubois, Alan Duncan, Pierre Eddé, Lee Edwards, Iain Elliott, Nicholas Elliot, Philip Vander Elst, Audna England, Fritz Ermarth, David Faber, Evo Fernandes, Edwin Feulner, Hans Filbinger, Charles Fincham, Philippe-Emmanuel de Fontmichel, Brand Fourie, Wyche Fowler, William François, Enrico Franzoni, Charles Alan 'Pop' Fraser, Louis Freeh, Charles Freeman, M. Shafik Gabr, Fatima Gailani, Yegor Gaidar, Pierre Marie Gallois, Indira Gandhi, Marie-France Garaud, Mark Garnier, Monique Garnier-Lançon, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Jean-Claude Gaudin, Beverley Gayner, Jeffrey B. Gaynor, Rolf Gärtner, Reinhard Gehlen, Conrad Gerber, Frans Alphons Maria Alting von Geusau, Alberto Giovannetti, James Goldsmith, Álvaro Gomez-Hurtado, Enrique Gomez-Hurtado, Philip Goodhart, Rolf Graage, Alan Greenspan, Ronald Grierson, Aline Griffith, Eldon Griffiths, Alain Griotteray, François de Grossouvre, Karl von Habsburg, Otto von Habsburg, Chuck Hagel, William Hague, Efraim Halevy, Stefan Halper, Greg Hands, Robert J. Hanks, Karl-Günther von Hase, Hassan ibn Talal, Stephen Hastings, Tsutomu Hata, Bruno Heck, Neil Peter Van Heerden, Basil Hersov, Dirk W. R. Hertzog, Franz Heubl, Monika Hohlmeier, Alistair Horne, Alphons Horten, Samuel Hoskinson, Michael Howard, David Howell, Hussein bin Talal, Hans Graf Huyn, Rosemary Graf Huyn, Fred Iklé, Ion Iliescu, Manuel Fraga-Iribarne, Vane Ivanović, Henry Jackson, Friedrich Jahn, Donald Jameson, James D. Jameson, Lisa Jameson, Tedo Japaridze, Philipp Jenninger, Pierre Joannon, Alun Gwynne Jones, Jacques Jonet, Peter Jungen, Alain Juppe, Akejan Kajegeldin, Alexander Karageorgevitch, Crosby Kelly, Nicholas de Kerchove, Khalit Khabibullin, Andreas Khol, Ray Killen, John Killick, Lane Kirkland, Guillermo Kirkpatrick, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Henry Kissinger, Václav Klaus, Robert H. Knight, Friedrich König, Budimir Košutić, Basil G. Koutsis, Sven Kraemer, Giannos Kranidiotis, Victor Kuvaldin, Ernst Kux, Kwasi Kwarteng, Francis Lacoste, Pierre Lacoste, Norman Lamont, Nana Lampton, Stephen Lander, Timothy Landon, Antoni Sánchez de Larragoiti, Sir John Leahy, Michael Ledeen, Arthur Docters van Leeuwen, Ronald Lehman, Edward Leigh, Dimitris A. Lemos, Julian Lewis, John Lichowski, David Lidington, Robert Lighthizer, Helmut Lohr, Winston Lord, Gerhard Löwenthal, Fred Luchsinger, James Lucier, Philippe Malaud, Charles Malik, Nikolai Malomuzh, Manfred Mautner Markhof, Alexandre de Marenches, Werner Marx, Charles T. Mayer, Daniel Mazuera, Richard McCormack, Robert McKinney, Neil McLean, George Meany, Fatima Meer, Pierre Méhaignerie, Constantin Menges, Dan Meridor, Alois Mertes, Pierre Messmer, Herbert Meyer, George Mitchell, Aliyu Mohammed, Prince Albert II of Monaco, Jean Monnet, George Montgomery, William H. Moore, Thomas E. Moorer, Robert Moss, Federico Silva Muñoz, Chester A. Nagle, Karl-Heinz Narjes, John Negroponte, Benjamin Netanyahu, Albert E. van Niekerk, Richard Nixon, François d'Orcival, Frans Otten, Urmas Paet, Filippo Maria Pandolfi, Nicholas Papandreou, Charles Pasqua, Shimon Peres, Richard Perle, Carlo Pesenti, Lojze Peterle, Peter Petersen, Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jost Pfeiffer, Flaminio Piccoli, Antoine Pinay, Jaime Nogueira Pinto, Carlos Robles Piquer, Fritz Pirkl, Giulia du Plooy, Robert du Plooy, Alain Poher, Günter Poser, Charles Powell, Yevgeny Primakov Jr, Jean-François Probst, Henri Proglio, Jues Pujo, Sultan Qaboos, Ziad al-Rafai, Ian Ralby, Peter Ramsauer, Ion Raţiu, Xavier Raufer, Patricia Rawlings, Walter Raymond Jr, Walter Raymond Sr, Gavin W. H. Relly, Henri Renard, David Rockefeller, Nelson Rockefeller, Edwina Rogers, Edward Rollins, William V. Roth, Anton Rupert, Gerard Russell, Hans Rühle, Luc Beyer de Rycke, Édouard Sablier, Jan Sabbe, Captain Santino, Turki bin Faisal al-Saud, Antonin Scalia, Adolf W. Schmidt, Dieter A. Schmidt, Schmidthuber, William Schneider, Joseph Schuchert, Gerd Schulte-Hillen, Franz-Josef Schulze, Robert Schuman, Christian Schwarz-Schilling, Harry Schwarz, Norman Schwarzkopf, Ted Shackley, John S. R. Shad, Natan Sharansky, Arkady Shevchenko, Tahseen Shurdum, Marshall Shulman, Arnold M. Silver, Ron Silver, Manmohan Singh, Xan Smiley, George Soros, Thomas Roy Spencer, Tim Spicer, Antonio de Spinola, Ivan Stancioff, Christian Freiherr von Stauffenberg, Frank Steele, Patrick Stefanini, Irwin Stelzer, Rory Stewart, Richard Stilwell, Franz Josef Strauß, Gojko Šušak, Frances Stockdale Symms, Steven Symms, Geoffrey Tantum, Calin Popescu Tariceanu, Seyfi Taşhan, Harold Taswell, Peter Tennant, Margaret Thatcher, Hugh Thomas, Julian Ogilvie Thompson, Lorne Thyssen-Bornemisza, Leo Tindemans, Eymen Topbaş, Thomas A. Twetten, Jean-François Vallet, Giancarlo Elia Valori, Paul Vankerkhoven, Yanis Varoufakis, Philippe de Villiers, Pierre de Villiers, Jean Violet, Paul Violet, Paul Volcker, John Vorster, Friedrich Voss, Theo Waigel, Jürgen Warnke, Philippe de Weck, Marc Weller, Paul M. Weyrich, John Wilkinson, S. Linn Williams, William Wilson, John Wodehouse, Paul Wolfowitz, Bernhard Worms, Nadhim Zahawi, Ardeshir Zahedi, Robert Zoelly
A deep state milieu set up around the same time as the Bilderberg, but smaller & far more secretive, attended especially by spooks, deep politicians and editors. Members promote their hawkish agenda by otherwise subverting the democratic process, apparently brokering weapons deals and possibly setting up false flag attacks. Their war making is also ideological - distributing propaganda to stoke fear of communism, promoting the "war on terror" etc.

Not to be confused with Le Siècle, a far less secretive French deep state milieu.

Le Cercle (formerly the Pinay Group, Pinay Circle, Cercle Pinay or in Germany the Cercle Violet) is a deep state milieu of a comparable age to the Bilderberg, but smaller, spookier, more secretive and far less exposed. David Teacher summarised the group as {{#subobject: |Has superobject=Le Cercle |Has objectClass=Quotation |Has author=David Teacher|+sep=, |Has text=“an international coalition of right-wing intelligence veterans, propaganda assets and top politicians who would shape the 1970s and 1980s.” |Is about=Le Cercle,Le Cercle, 1970s, 1980s|+sep=, |Has wikipediaPage= |Has location=|+sep=, |Has publicationDate=2008 |Sourced from=Rogue Agents |Has sourceDetails= |Has sourceTitle= |Has sourceName=Rogue Agents |Has sourceURL= }}“an international coalition of right-wing intelligence veterans, propaganda assets and top politicians who would shape the 1970s and 1980s.” It was entirely European for 15 years, but since 1968 it has met annually in both Washington DC and Europe. Leaked documents indicate that their activities include subversion, arms deals and fraud. Group members evinced great interest in "terrorism" back in the 1970s. {{#subobject: |Has superobject=Le Cercle |Has objectClass=Quotation |Has author=Chris Blackhurst|+sep=, |Has text=“Formed in the Fifties, Cercle was intended to cement Franco-German relations, as a buffer to Soviet aggression during the Cold War. Down the years, however, it has become much more, advocating right-wing causes round the world and growing into a confidential talking shop for about 70 politicians, businessmen, polemicists and personnel from the diplomatic and security services. Members are invited to attend its meetings; they cannot ask to be admitted, and as a condition of attending they agree to keep all sessions secret. It meets twice a year, once in Washington DC in the autumn and once in the early part of the year in an "overseas" venue.” |Is about=Le Cercle,Le Cercle, Cold War|+sep=, |Has wikipediaPage= |Has location=|+sep=, |Has publicationDate=28 June 1997 |Sourced from=The Independent |Has sourceDetails= |Has sourceTitle= |Has sourceName=The Independent |Has sourceURL=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/aitken-dropped-by-the-rights-secret-club-1258522.html

}}

“Formed in the Fifties, Cercle was intended to cement Franco-German relations, as a buffer to Soviet aggression during the Cold War. Down the years, however, it has become much more, advocating right-wing causes round the world and growing into a confidential talking shop for about 70 politicians, businessmen, polemicists and personnel from the diplomatic and security services. Members are invited to attend its meetings; they cannot ask to be admitted, and as a condition of attending they agree to keep all sessions secret. It meets twice a year, once in Washington DC in the autumn and once in the early part of the year in an "overseas" venue.”
Chris Blackhurst (28 June 1997) 

Official narrative

In 2000, a single webpage at www.atlanticcircle.com described Le Cercle as "an informal group of European and American professionals - politicians, retired Ambassadors, former Generals, lawyers, bankers and active participants in banking, oil, shipping, publishing and trading companies - who are interested in preserving a positive Atlantic dialogue." To the UK House of Lords, this group has been described as an "informal group meeting to discuss world affairs." William Hague described it as "a political group which organises conferences." In 2007 the Washington Post termed it a "foreign policy think tank established during the Cold War that reportedly included senior politicians, diplomats and intelligence agents worldwide." Inviting the banker Jean-Maxime Leveque in 1983, Monique Garnier-Lançon wrote that at The Cercle "The leaders of the free world can now examine the very grave problems which we face in order to determine together possible solutions and then to try to implement them, each in their respective sphere."

Short description

Le Cercle was described by former Conservative minister Alan Clark as

“a right-wing think (or rather thought) tank, funded by the CIA, which churns Cold War concepts around”.

File:18 August 1958 - Le Cercle.jpg

Konrad Adenauer meets with Antoine Pinay and Jean Violet at the earliest known meeting of Le Cercle, on 18^th August 1958

Origins

Although the group bore the name of Antoine Pinay (French Prime minister in 1952) it was likely organised by Jean Violet, a close associate of his since 1951. It arose from a Franco-German alliance (possibly in connection with Operation Gladio) and originally its anti-communism had a catholic Christian flavour. In the 1970s, it assumed a transatlantic secular ethos, especially after the involvement of Ted Shackley, under whose influence meetings were held on alternate sides of the Atlantic, with Shackley chairing the US meetings.

Leadership

Full articles: Le Cercle/Chairman (Europe), Le Cercle/Chairman (USA)

The group has had separate US and European chairs for some years - one for the Spring/Summer meeting in Europe, one for the Autumn/Winter meeting in the USA, The US chairman is less publicised (and currently unknown) so mention of "The Chairman" will probably be references to the European chairman. European chairs include Brian Crozier (1980-1985), Julian Amery (1985 - early 1990s), Christian Schwarz-Schilling (1 year), Jonathan Aitken (1993-1996), Norman Lamont (over 10 years), Michael Ancram, Nadhim Zahawi and Kwasi Kwarteng. The current chairmen are unknown.

The only two US chairmen identified are Ted Shackley and his successor, Richard McCormack. Geoffrey Tantum was named by The Telegraph as the Cercle's UK secretary.

Meetings

Full article: Le Cercle/Meetings

File:Le Cercle.png

Early Cercle members representing the Paneuropean Union, the European Coal and Steel Community, France, Germany, Italy & the US deep state.

The group currently meets biannually, in Washington DC every Autumn and in Spring across the Atlantic, usually in Europe, although David Rockefeller's autobiography states that it used to meet "thrice yearly". Meetings last (3-)4 days and nowadays there are "about 70" guests, although meetings used to be smaller, perhaps just 35 participants. Guests are almost all male, and sometimes bring their wives, though it is unknown to what extent (if any) they are involved in the meetings. Compared to a milieu such as the Bilderberg (with a first time invitee rate of about 50%) Membership of Le Cercle is much less fluid.

Attendance

File:Le Cercle Guests.jpg

people are known to have visited Le Cercle meetings since the first in 1952.

Full article: Le Cercle/Guests

Now a larger affair, the group originally had no more than 20 guests per meeting.

The identity of attendees was largely a matter of conjecture until 2011 when ISGP researcher, Joël van der Reijden published 5 guest lists for Le Cercle meetings from the papers of French Cercle visitor Monique Garnier-Lançon at Stanford University, which led him to create a list which inspired the list on the right.

These lists include politicians, spooks, bankers, diplomats, deep political actors, military officers, editors and publishers who may or may not have officially retired. The participants, which include some deep politicians, come almost exclusively from western or western-oriented countries. Many important members tend to be affiliated with the aristocratic circles in London or obscure elements within the Vatican, and accusations of links to fascism and synarchism are anything but uncommon in this milieu.

Funding

Two former chairmen of Le Cercle, Kwasi Kwarteng and Nadhim Zahawi "denied they had any knowledge of how Le Cercle funds its operations."

The group stated ^[When?] simply that it is "privately funded".Template:Cn Funding for the group has changed over the years. Multinational companies including Philips and Standard Elektrik Lorenz, a subsidiary of the American ITT Corporation. have given the group money. In 1971, Shell contributed a lump sum of £30,000. The Ford Foundation also donated £20,000 over three years^[When?]. In the 1980s, the South African government was a major source of funds. According to Hennie van Vuuren's 2017 book "Apartheid, Guns and Money: A Tale of Profit":

"SA contributed R33,000 plus donations to the secretariat. This was a quarter of the budget and was clandestinely and illegally laundered through the Department of Foreign Affairs.

"Le Cercle wielded potentially significant influence on political affairs through its convening power, information sharing and what amounted to quasi-intelligence activity during the Cold War."

Johannes Großmann reports that due to guests paying their own travel, expenses were as low as around $30,000/meeting during the mid 1980s, rising to $50,000/meeting by the early 1990s, which was covered mostly by voluntary contributions, with the richer participants such as Alphons Horten covering shortfalls in case of need.

In 1997, the Independent suggested that the group is CIA funded. So do Robin Ramsay, editor of Lobster Magazine and Jon E. Lewis author of "The Mammoth Book of Cover-Ups" and Alan Clark, who claims as much in his diaries:

“a right-wing think (or rather thought) tank, funded by the CIA, which churns Cold War concepts around.”

Activities

From 1972 onwards, one of the major concerns for the Cercle Pinay complex was to ensure European distribution, and particularly French-language publication, of the ISC's output.

The 1982 Langemann Papers were the first significant exposure of Le Cercle's activities, confirming that the group was actively involved in influencing Western European elections. Evidence of their involvement in other matters such weapons dealing and covert military action remains circumstantial.

Support for Conservative Politicians

David Teacher reports that "throughout the 1970s the Cercle Pinay complex was active [influencing elections in the UK,] France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Belgium." He writes that "the Cercle complex can be seen to be an international coalition of right-wing intelligence veterans, working internationally to promote top conservative politicians who would shape the world in the 1970s and 1980s."

The Langemann Papers (November 1979) quote a planning paper by Brian Crozier about a Cercle complex operation "to affect a change of government in the United Kingdom (accomplished)". This may be a reference to the success of the "Shield" group which Crozier set up in 1976, probably with the express purpose of getting Margaret Thatcher elected, a year after she was invited to the Bilderberg meeting by Labour's Dennis Healey.

Disruption of Left Wing Governments

Le Cercle has also been accused of actively destabilizing governments which opposed a conservative economic agenda, such as Gough Whitlam's Australian government. Cercle member Robert Gascoyne-Cecil chaired the conservative Monday Club to oppose the decolonisation policies of Harold Wilson It prepared a coup against his Labour government.

Opposition to Nuclear Disarmament

Two Cercle members, Edward Leigh and Julian Lewis started the Coalition for Peace Through Security to try to reverse the rise in popularity of CND. In the US, the American Security Council started the Coalition for Peace Through Strength, which had comparable aims.

Promotion of European Integration

Le Cercle (like the Bilderberg Group, to which it is often compared) is strongly focused on European integration, going back to the efforts of its early members to bring about a Franco-German rapprochement. The significant presence of Paneuropa-affiliated Opus Dei members and Knights of Malta, together with statements of the Vatican and Otto von Habsburg, suggest an agenda of creating a new "Holy Roman Empire" with borders from the Atlantic to the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea to North Africa.Template:Cn Interestingly, the latest generation of British Cercle members, whose predecessors were keen on joining the European Union, now seem to want to keep Britain out of the emerging European superstate, perhaps having lost faith they can become a significant force within Europe. Their American associates, however, would like for them to continue the effort of breaking into the Franco-German alliance and possibly to establish a new Anglo-German alliance.

"War on Terror"

Full article: War on Terror

File:War-on-terror-i-say.jpg

The group's interest in "counter-terrorism" and arms dealing is predictable given its work in establishing the "War on Terror" narrative; at least seven members of Le Cercle (Brian Crozier, Henry Jackson, Alun Gwynne Jones, Gerhard Löwenthal, Robert Moss, Benjamin Netanyahu & Shimon Peres) gave presentations at the seminal 1979 Jerusalem Conference on International Terrorism. Some of the other speakers were connected to known members and may themselves have attended meetings of Le Cercle. Members also set up "terrorism research" organisations, which sheds new light on the "anti-communist" think tanks they also set up, such as Interdoc. Noting the presence of Baron Benoit de Bonvoisin in the group, Joël van der Reijden remarks that "That's major news, because Baron de Bonvoisin, besides a key Belgian figure in the Strategy of Tension, is the most key name in the Belgian X-Dossiers."

Covert Military Intervention

Following a Nasserite coup in Yemen in September 1962, Julian Amery (later Cercle chairman) met with King Hussein of Jordan and agreed to send Cercle attendee Neil McLean to report on the situation after which Amery met with McLean, David Stirling, Col Brian Franks and UK Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home to organise an unofficial mercenary operation.

Weapons dealing

Full articles: Iran-Contra, Arms-to-Iraq

File:Al yamamah.jpg

Cercle visitor John Carbaugh worked for GeoMiliTech Consultants Corporation, an arms dealing group directly involved in Iran-Contra. Others such as Margaret Carlisle were aides to Iran-Contra insiders. Cercle members Paul Channon and Alan Clark are connected through their involvement in the Arms-to-Iraq affair, also to the later chairman Jonathan Aitken, who himself was involved in the Al-Yamamah arms deal as well, as was another later chairman, Norman Lamont. Nadhmi Auchi is widely reported as having made a lot of money from arms deals to Saddam Hussein, amongst others.

Other activities

Ted Shackley was involved in oil deals after he left the CIA in 1979, facilitated by his close friend and fellow Cercle member, Conrad Gerber and oil smuggler John Deuss. Joël van der Reijden has suggested that Le Cercle was important in the organization of the 9/11 attacks.

Cover-up

Full article: Le Cercle/Cover-up

The Wikipedia page, as of May 2019, was less than 3.5K (under 350 words). A link to this website was removed after 10 minutes by Wikipedia user Doug Weller, who also removed the link to the list of Bilderberg participants. CAAT reported that The Guardian claimed that the group is not influential. Some of the group's many premature deaths may be connected to attempts to cover-up its influence.

Exposure

Full article: Le Cercle/Exposure

File:Rogue Agents.jpg

The cover of the Kindle edition of Rogue Agents

The group was mentioned in a 1980 article in Der Spiegel. As of 2021, Le Cercle remains far less exposed that the Bilderberg. It has featured very occasionally in commercially-controlled media, but most of what is publicly available about the group is from independent researchers. Preeminent among leaks were the Langemann Papers, which exposed the group as an agent of political subversion. Joël van der Reijden has been publishing about the group online since 2005 and put some primary documents online in 2011.

2014

Die Internationale Der Konservativen

In 2014, Johannes Großmann published Die Internationale Der Konservativen, a scholarly work which exposed several unknown members as visitors to Le Cercle, by citing Julian Amery's papers and other sources.

2017

Fresh documents related to Le Cercle emerged from Pretoria and elsewhere in 2017. In November 2017 Graham Vanbergen published Meet Le Cercle – Making Bilderberg Look Like Amateurs in TruePublica, which was picked up by several independent websites.

Rogue Agents

Full article: Rogue Agents

David Teacher credits van der Reijden with encouraging him to update his study of Le Cercle from 1951-1991, Rogue Agents, a 578 page study of the group, which is downloadable from this site and which Peter Dale Scott termed "mind-boggling research".

2025

A leaked batch of emails from ex-Israeli PM and Epstein handler Ehud Barak contained the program for the 2015 Monaco meeting.

References